Monday 14 December 2015

ELECTRIC LAMPS - PART - 06 - OPERATION OF HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP

INVENTORS OF HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP
A researcher named Robert L. Coble working at the General Electric Research Lab developed a material called Lucalox. 
Lucalox was a commercial term for aluminum oxide ceramic.
His work helped pave the way for William Louden, Kurt Schmidt, and Elmer Homonnay to invent the HPS lamp.
General Electric first developed this lamp and it came on the market in 1964.
The lamp is an improvement over the LPSV lamp in that it has more acceptable colour with the great efficiency of the sodium lamp.
The better color rendering comes with a bit of sacrifice, it has less efficiency than the LPSV lamp.
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
1. High pressure sodium (HPS) vapour lamps are smaller than  
    LPS lamps.
2. High Pressure Sodium Vapour lamps with a polycrystalline
    translucent aluminum oxide discharge tube enclosed in a
    tubular outer glass envelope.
3. The discharge tube is internally coated with aluminum oxide
    powder.
4. The discharge tube contains an amalgam of mercury and     
    sodium along with xenon gas.
5. Xenon is a colorless, dense, odorless and noble gas that
    occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts.
6. The outer shell is evacuated and a better maintains this high
    degree of vacuum throughout the lamp life.
7. These lamps need a control gear comprising of ballast, ignitor 
    and capacitor for optimum performance.
8. They produce a dark pink glow when first struck, and a
    pinkish orange light when warmed.
9. Some lamps also briefly produce a pure to bluish white light
    in between.
10. This is formed by the mercury glowing before the sodium is
      completely warmed.
                                                   
ADVANTAGES
1. Very high lamp efficacy hence highly energy efficient.
2. Long life and low light depreciation.
3. Very high lumen output.
4. Golden white light admitted by lamps gives a warm
    appearance and better visual acuity.
5. Ideally suited for fog, dust rainfall conditions.

DISADVANTAGES
1. The light produced is a golden white color, which may not
    be appropriate for certain applications.
2. Requires a ballast.
3. Once started can take from five to ten minutes to reach full
    light output
4. They also require at least a one minute cool-down to re-
    strike.
5. End of life is characterized by on-off-on cycling, and
    continued operation can damage the lamp ballast if not
    replaced quickly.

APPLICATIONS
1. It is 7 times as efficient as incandescent lamp.
2. Ideally suitable for reducing energy consumption in both
    indoor/outdoor applications.
3. Suitable for Highway streets, flyovers, junctions etc.
4. Airport apron's parking areas, storage yards, docks etc.
5. Industries warehouses, goodness etc.
6. Floodlighting of monuments, exhibition sites etc.
7. Long lamp life - 24,000 hours.
8. Excellent lumen maintenance.
9. Wide range of lamp types with wattages ranging from 35 to
    1000 watts.
10. Most HPS lamps can operate in any position.

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